Chapter 7 Skeletal System

2401 Anatomy and Physiology I Chapter 7 Susan Gossett [email_address] Department of Biology Paris Junior College

7.1: Introduction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

7.2: Bone Structure ,[object Object],[object Object]

Bone Classification ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],(a) (e) (b) (c) (d) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Parts of a Long Bone ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Femur Periosteum Y ellow marrow Medullary cavity Space containing red marrow Spongy bone Compact bone Articular cartilage Epiphyseal plates Proximal epiphysis Distal epiphysis Diaphysis Endosteum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Microscopic Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Compact Bone ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Nerve Osteon Nerve Nerve Canaliculus Osteocyte Periosteum Endosteum Trabeculae Pores Bone matrix Blood vessels Spongy bone Compact bone Compact bone Lacuna (space) Blood vessels Perforating canal Central canal containing blood vessels and nerves Central canal Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Spongy Bone ,[object Object],(a) (c) Spongy bone Compact bone (b) Spongy bone Compact bone Remnant of epiphyseal plate Spongy bone Compact bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a: © Ed Reschke; b,c: Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr.

7.3: Bone Development and Growth ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Intramembranous Bones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Endochondral Bones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Endochondral Ossification ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],(b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (a) Cartilaginous model Calcified cartilage Articular cartilage Developing periosteum Compact bone developing Primary ossification center Medullary cavity Medullary cavity Medullary cavity Secondary ossification center Secondary ossification center Blood vessel Epiphyseal plate Remnant of epiphyseal plate Remnants of epiphyseal plates Epiphyseal plates Compact bone Spongy bone Articular cartilage Spongy bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1 2 3 4 (a) (b) Bone tissue of epiphysis Zone of resting cartilage Zone of proliferating cartilage Zone of hypertrophic cartilage Zone of calcified cartilage Ossified bone of diaphysis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1 2 3 4 (a) (b) Bone tissue of epiphysis Zone of resting cartilage Zone of proliferating cartilage Zone of hypertrophic cartilage Zone of calcified cartilage Ossified bone of diaphysis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

Homeostasis of Bone Tissue ,[object Object],[object Object],Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. Developing medullary cavity Osteoclast

Factors Affecting Bone Development, Growth and Repair ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

7.1 Clinical Application Fractures

7.4: Bone Function ,[object Object]

Support, Protection, and Movement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Blood Cell Formation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Inorganic Salt Storage ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

7.2 Clinical Application Osteopenia and Osteoporosis: Preventing “Fragility Fractures”

7.5: Skeletal Organization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Divisions of the Skeleton ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Hyoid Cranium Face Clavicle Scapula Sternum Ribs Humerus Ulna Hip bone Radius Femur Patella T ibia Fibula T arsals Metatarsals Phalanges Phalanges Skull Vertebral column Vertebral column Sacrum Coccyx Carpals Metacarpals (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cranium ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Parietal bone Frontal bone Coronal suture Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone T emporal bone Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone Infraorbital foramen V omer bone Mandible Supraorbital foramen Nasal bone Sphenoid bone Middle nasal concha of the ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Mental foramen Zygomatic bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cranium ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cranium ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Zygomatic bone Palatine process of maxilla Palatine bone Occipital bone Foramen magnum Lambdoid suture Zygomatic arch Mandibular fossa Styloid process Occipital condyle External acoustic meatus Sphenoid bone Vomer bone Temporal bone Mastoid foramen Frontal bone Median palatine suture Incisive foramen Greater palatine foramen Stylomastoid foramen Foramen spinosum Carotid canal Jugular foramen Foramen ovale Foramen lacerum Condylar canal Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cranium ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cranium ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Transverse section Lesser wing Optic canal Greater wing Sella turcica Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen rotundum Lesser wing Greater wing Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Lateral pterygoid plate Medial pterygoid plate (b) (a)

Cranium ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Transverse section Crista galli Orbital surface Ethmoidal sinuses Cribriform plate Crista galli Perpendicular plate Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate (a) (b)

Facial Skeleton ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygoma Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Facial Skeleton ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Coronal section Horizontal portion Perpendicular portion Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Facial Skeleton Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mental foramen Mandible Coronoid process Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygoma Zygomatic process of temporal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Facial Skeleton ,[object Object],[object Object],Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Frontal bone Nasal bone Palatine bone Vomer bone Alveolar processes Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Palatine process of maxilla Styloid process Sphenoidal sinus Mandible Perpendicular plate (nasal septum) Frontal sinus Crista galli Cribriform plate Foramen magnum Jugular foramen Internal acoustic meatus Sella turcica Occipital bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Hypoglossal canal Mastoid process Ethmoid bone ,[object Object],[object Object]

Facial Skeleton ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Coronoid process Mandibular foramen Mandibular condyle Ramus Alveolar border Mental foramen Body Body Alveolar arch Mandibular foramen Coronoid process (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Infantile Skull ,[object Object],(b) Anterior fontanel Posterior fontanel Frontal bone Frontal suture (metopic suture) Sagittal suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

7.7: Vertebral Column ,[object Object]

Vertebral Column ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],(b) (a) Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar curvature Lumbar vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Cervical vertebrae Sacral curvature Vertebra prominens Rib facet Intervertebral Intervertebral foramina Sacrum Coccyx Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Vertebral Column (b) (a) Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar curvature Lumbar vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Cervical vertebrae Sacral curvature Vertebra prominens Rib facet Intervertebral Intervertebral foramina Sacrum Coccyx Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Typical Vertebrae ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Cervical Vertebrae ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],(b) (c) (a) Anterior Posterior Atlas Axis Body Dens (odontoid process) Spinous process Dens Inferior articular process Facet that articulates with dens (odontoid process) of axis Facet that articulates with occipital condyle Spinous process Anterior articular facet for atlas Transverse foramen Transverse process Superior articular facet Vertebral foramen Transverse process Transverse foramen Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Thoracic Vertebrae Body Superior articular process Spinous process Transverse process Inferior articular process Intervertebral disc Anterior Posterior Body Pedicle Vertebral foramen Superior articular process Facet for tubercle of rib Transverse process Lamina Spinous process Inferior articular process Intervertebral notch Body Pedicle Superior articular process Transverse process Facet for tubercle of rib Spinous process (a) (c) (b) ,[object Object],[object Object],Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Lumbar Vertebrae ,[object Object],[object Object],(c) Lumbar vertebra Lamina Pedicle Body Vertebral foramen Spinous process Superior articular process Transverse process Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Sacrum ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sacral canal Tubercle of median sacral crest Auricular surface Posterior sacral foramen Sacral hiatus Coccyx Sacrum Superior articular process Sacral promontory Anterior sacral foramen (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Coccyx Sacral canal Tubercle of median sacral crest Auricular surface Posterior sacral foramen Sacral hiatus Coccyx Sacrum Superior articular process Sacral promontory Anterior sacral foramen (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ,[object Object],[object Object]

7.3 Clinical Application Disorders of the Vertebral Column

7.8: Thoracic Cage ,[object Object]

Thoracic Cage ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) Vertebrochondral ribs False ribs (a) Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) Sternum Body Manubrium Ribs Costal cartilage Xiphoid process Thoracic vertebra Clavicular notch Sternal angle Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Ribs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) Vertebrochondral ribs False ribs (a) Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) Sternum Body Manubrium Ribs Costal cartilage Xiphoid process Thoracic vertebra Clavicular notch Sternal angle Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Rib Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Anterior end (sternal end) Shaft Facet Head Neck Tubercle Facet Spinous process Costal groove Shaft Anterior end Head T ubercle Neck (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Sternum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) Vertebrochondral ribs False ribs (a) Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) Sternum Body Manubrium Ribs Costal cartilage Xiphoid process Thoracic vertebra Clavicular notch Sternal angle Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

7.9: Pectoral Girdle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sternum Costal cartilage Rib Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Clavicle (a) Coracoid process Head of humerus Acromion process Acromial end Sternal end Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Clavicles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sternum Costal cartilage Rib Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Clavicle (a) Coracoid process Head of humerus Acromion process Acromial end Sternal end Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Scapulae Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Acromion process Coracoid process Spine Glenoid cavity Suprascapular notch Superior border Supra- glenoid tubercle Infra- glenoid tubercle Coracoid process Acromion process Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Glenoid cavity Lateral (axillary) border Subscapular fossa Medial (vertebral) border (a) (b) (c) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

7.10: Upper Limb ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Olecranon process Head of radius Neck of radius Ulna Olecranon fossa Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Humerus Humerus Ulna Ulna Radius (c) (d) (a) Hand (palm anterior) (b) Hand (palm posterior) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Martin Rotker

Humerus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Capitulum Trochlea Deltoid tuberosity Head Lesser tubercle Greater tubercle Greater tubercle (a) (b) Lateral epicondyle Coronoid fossa Intertubercular groove Medial epicondyle Olecranon fossa Anatomical neck Surgical neck Lateral epicondyle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Radius ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius Styloid process Head of ulna Ulna Radius Radial tuberosity Head of radius Coronoid process Trochlear notch Olecranon process (b) (a) Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Ulna ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius Styloid process Head of ulna Ulna Radius Radial tuberosity Head of radius Coronoid process Trochlear notch Olecranon process (b) (a) Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Wrist and Hand ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Scaphoid Trapezium (a) (b) Trapezoid Capitate Scaphoid Ulna Radius Lunate Hamate Triquetrum Pisiform Phalanges 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 Distal phalanx Middle phalanx Proximal phalanx Metacarpals (metacarpus) Carpals (carpus) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

7.11: Pelvic Girdle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sacrum Sacral promontory Sacroiliac joint Acetabulum Pubis Symphysis pubis (a) Pubic arch Ischium Pubic tubercle Ilium Obturator foramen Ischium Coccyx Sacral hiatus Sacrum (b) Ilium Sacral canal Pubis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (c) c: © Martin Rotker

Hip Bones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Iliac crest Iliac crest Iliac fossa Ilium Ilium Ischium Ischium Pubis Pubis Ischial spine Obturator foramen Acetabulum Pubic crest Pubic tubercle (b) (a) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Lesser sciatic notch Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen

Greater and Lesser Pelves ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sacral promontory Flared ilium Pelvic brim Symphysis pubis Pubic arch Pubic arch (a) Female pelvis (b) Male pelvis Sacral promontory Sacral curvature Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Differences Between Male Female Pelves ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sacral promontory Flared ilium Pelvic brim Symphysis pubis Pubic arch Pubic arch (a) Female pelvis (b) Male pelvis Sacral promontory Sacral curvature Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

7.12: Lower Limb ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Metatarsals Fibula Tibia T ibia Patella Femur Fibula (c) Lateral view Fibula T ibia Lateral condyle (d) Posterior view (b) Medial condyle Femur T arsals Phalanges Femur Patella Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Femur ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Neck Head Fovea capitis (a) (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lateral condyle Medial condyle Intercondylar fossa Medial epicondyle Patellar surface Lateral epicondyle Greater trochanter Gluteal tuberosity Lesser trochanter Linea aspera

Metatarsals Fibula Tibia T ibia Patella Femur Fibula (c) Lateral view Fibula T ibia Lateral condyle (d) Posterior view (b) Medial condyle Femur T arsals Phalanges Femur Patella Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Patella ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Tibia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tibia Fibula Medial malleolus Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Medial condyle Intercondylar eminence Lateral malleolus Lateral condyle Head of fibula Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fibula Tibia Fibula Medial malleolus Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Medial condyle Intercondylar eminence Lateral malleolus Lateral condyle Head of fibula Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Foot ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],(b) Tibia Fibula T alus Navicular Phalanges Calcaneus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Medial cuneiform Metatarsals (metatarsus) Tarsals (tarsus) Calcaneal tuberosity

Foot Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuboid Lateral cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Medial cuneiform Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Phalanges Metatarsals (metatarsus) Tarsals (tarsus) 5 4 3 2 1 (a) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

7.13: Lifespan Changes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Important Points in Chapter 7: Outcomes to be Assessed ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Important Points in Chapter 7: Outcomes to be Assessed ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Quiz 7 Complete Quiz 7 now! Read Chapter 8.

Chapter 7 Skeletal System

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